Archaeology Schools Around the World

 

Archaeology Schools Around the World

 The study of human culture using environmental information and material culture such as landscapes, biofacts, artifacts, and architecture is known as the science of archaeology. There are many people who are interested in studying archaeology and not many people know that there are several best schools for archaeology existing around the world. Let's take a look at some of these schools.

For those who are interested in studying the human culture in Iraq, they may study at the British School of Archaeology in Iraq. This school is located in Great Britain and focuses on studies related to Mesopotamia's languages and ancient civilizations. It was in 1932 when this school was founded and ever since, the British School of Archaeology in Iraq has always been considered as on the best schools for archaeology. Aside from the funds coming from the British Government, the British School of Archaeology also receives funds from private individuals and organizations. The British School of Archaeology has been known as the British Institute for the Study of Iraq since December 12, 2007.

In Greece, the best school for archaeology is the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece. It is a foreign archaeological institute in the nation and its head office is situated in Athens, Greece. The University of Lausanne in Switzerland is the one hosting the school. While its head office is located at Odos Skaramanga 4B, it has several offices in Eretria.

Also in Athens, Greece, another best school for archaeology is the Italian School of Archaeology. This school is only one of the seventeen best international schools for archaeology that have headquarters in Athens, Greece. While its headquarters is in Athens, its branch offices are situated in Rome, Limnos, and Crete. Founded in 1909, the library of the Italian School of Archaeology has a large library. Among the places where the school has conducted archaeological studies are Thouria and Aigialeia, while the places where it has conducted excavations include the Roman city of Gortyn, Agia Triada, Phaistos, Crete, Chloe, Hephaisteia, and Poliochni.

Another best school for archaeology is the School for American Archaeology. It was introduced in 1907 but its name has already been changed twice. First, it was changed to the School of American Research and in 2007, it was changed to the School for Advanced Research on the Human Experience. Situated in Santa Fe, New Mexico in the United States, the focus of the school includes international standpoint on humanities, social science disciplines, and anthropology. Residential fellowships are offered to scholars as well as artists. Moreover, non-fiction and academic reading materials are being published by the school through the publication SAR Press.

These are only some of the many best schools for archaeology existing worldwide. In Athens, Greece alone, there are several best schools that focus on archaeology including The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, the Georgian Institute at Athens, the French School at Athens, the Finnish School at Athens, and the Canadian Institute in Greece.

Indeed, those who are interested in studying archaeology have a lot of best schools to choose from.

Egyptian Ancient Cities

The ancient Egyptians had many great cities. Some of their remains are still present to keep us bewildered on how amazing the ancient Egyptian civilization was. Some cities however have now vanished, but still the presence of very fine monuments give us a clue of how wonderful these cities were.

Many of the egyptian cities were developed when certain pyramids or other large building works were constructed. The capital moved from site to site depending on the Pharaoh. The first reason for this is the internal peace which existed in Egypt from the earliest times. A second reason directly related to the first - given urban mobility each successive pharaoh was free to spend his reigning life on earth preparing his tomb for the life after death in a different location to that of his predecessor.

Egyptian Pharaohs would move to other sites when resistance to change in current capital cities was too great to accomplish their goals.

Thebes, the city of the god Amon, was the capital of Egypt during the period of the Middle and New Kingdoms. With the temples and palaces at Karnak and Luxor, and the necropolises of the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens, Thebes is a striking testimony to Egyptian civilization at its height.

This is the great, ancient city of Thebes, capital of the Egyptian empire for almost one thousand years, for Egyptian inhabitants it was Uaset, meaning "the chief town" and Niut, "the City" it was later on called Diospolis Magna. Its present name of Luxor comes from the Arab El Qousour, translation of the Latin "Castra" with which the ancient Romans indicated the city where they had installed two encampments.

Luxor and Karnak now occupy parts of its site. The city developed at a very early date from a number of small villages, particularly one around modern Luxor (then called Epet), but remained relatively obscure until the rise of the Theban family that established the XI dynasty (c.2134 B.C.). The city rapidly became prominent as the royal residence and as a seat of the worship of the god Amon. At Thebes, also, was the necropolis in the Valley of the Tombs where the kings and nobles were entombed in great splendor in crypts cut into the cliffs on the Nile's west bank. The city's greatest period was that of the empire, when it served as a reservoir for the immense wealth that poured in from the conquered countries. As the empire began to decay and the locus of power to shift to the Nile delta, Thebes went into decline.

Thebes was sacked by the Assyrians in 661 B.C., the army lead by Assarhaddon, Assurbanipal's army deported the townsmen before turning them into slaves and stripped the town of its statues and treasures. Lastly, it was completely razed to the ground in 84 B.C. by Ptolemy Lathyros to the extent that during the roman era it was a mass of ruins visited by wayfarers; the few remaining townsmen settled in what remained of the temples and the tombs were reduced to stables.

The Romans sacked it in 29 B.C., and by 20 B.C. there was only a few scattered villages seen. The temples and tombs that have survived, including the tombs of Tutankhamen and of Ramses II's sons, are among the most splendid in the world.

Temple of Amon Ra

In Luxor, all that remains of its glorious past is the temple that the ancient Egyptians built to the glory of Amon ra king of the gods, and which they called "Southern harem of Amon".

Brought back to light in 1883 by Gaston Maspéro, the temple is 260 metres long and its construction was basically commissioned by two Pharaohs, Amon-Ofis III who started it in the XIV century B.C. and Ramses II who completed it adding the porticoed courtyard with its axis moved eastwards, and no longer north-south as in the case of the rest of the temples.

The architect was probably amenophis, son of Hotep. The temple of Luxor was joined to that of karnak by a long stone-paved dromos, a drome and a processional avenue, flanked by sphinxes with rams heads that the XXX Dynasty replaced with sphynexes with human heads. The avenue ended at the entrance to the temple of Luxor, marked by the large pylon erected by Ramses II, which features a 65-metre front decorated with bas-reliefs illustrating scenes of the military campaigns of the Pharaoh against the Hittites.

In ancient time, the pylon was preceded by two obelisks, two seated colossi and two standing colossi. Today, only the left 25-metre high obelisk is still standing: the other was taken to Paris in 1833 and placed by the engineer Lebas in Place de la Concorde on the 25th October 1836. The two colossi in granite represent the Pharaoh seated on his throne, fifteen and a half metres in height on a base of about one metre. Of the other four statues in pink granite leaning against the pylon, one was to represent Queen Nefertari and another decrepit one to the right, his daughter Merit-Amon.

Having passed through the triumphal entrance, one enters the court of Ramses II, with its double row of columns with closed papyrus capital and statues of Osiris in the inter columns. To the north-west of the courtyard one can admire the temple-deposit of the sacred boats built by Thot-Mosis III and dedicated to the triad Amon, Mut and Khonsu.

Then follows a colonnade of two rows of bell-shaped columns 52 meters long that take us to the second sourtyard, or courtyard of Amon-Ofis II, surrounded on three sides by two rows of columns with closed papyruses, a real, highly evocative forest. From here, across a transversal hypostyle hall, one enters the last sanctuary, the most intimate and sacred partFree Web Content, which gave the temple its name of "Adytum of the south" theatre.

Cleaning Monuments

Ever wondered how professionals go about cleaning historic monuments? Great Britain's rich history depends on careful work to ensure that future generations can benefit.

In a culturally rich and diverse country, such as the United Kingdom, there are numerous national treasures that require maintaining. As many of us become aware of the environmental impact of what we do, we come to realise that preservation can sometimes be a tricky task to carry out.

The country boasts thousands of statues and monuments, commemorating a large number of people and events. Each monument acts as a reminder of our past.

The maintenance of such monuments is an ongoing task and one that is not without it's difficulties. Traditional methods of maintaining monuments often produced great immediate results but have subsequently led to the erosion of some of our best loved historic symbols.

A number of UK specialists have started to take a new look at the process of cleaning and renovating the nation's heritage. At the core of their methodology is the requirement to use methods that are efficient and also friendly to the environment.

The top priority must always be, of course, to remain friendly to the future of the monument concerned.

Recent work on the Coventry Blitz Memorial is an excellent example of how sensitive cleaning work can really heighten the appeal of a monument. The Blitz Memorial was originally constructed to honour more than 1200 Coventry residents who were killed during Second World War raids.

Over time, the monument had suffered from erosion and from the impact of pollutants.

The team from EcoLogic Systems stepped in to restore the structureArticle Search, bringing back its natural white appearance. The non-abrasive cleaning techniques ensured that the monument would not be damaged.

The Coventry Blitz Memorial stands as a reminder to all of us. Maintaining such monuments is vital to the future of the country.

American archaeology

In many parts of the United States, archaeologists have found relics of people who lived thousands of years before Columbus discovered America. In fact, these relics have helped other scholars to decide when the people we call "American Indians" first came to the continent of North America from Asia, where their original home was, perhaps as many as fifty thousand years ago.

In many parts of the United States, archaeologists have found relics of people who lived thousands of years before Columbus discovered America. In fact, these relics have helped other scholars to decide when the people we call "American Indians" first came to the continent of North America from Asia, where their original home was, perhaps as many as fifty thousand years ago. Wherever you go in the United States, you will be near the ancient dwelling places of some of these peoples of the vanished ages. In Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, and other parts of the Midwest, and as far south as Alabama, there are relics of the mound builders about whom there is a separate article in this encyclopedia.

The Mound Builders built great mounds of earth and stone, and used them for houses, and for churches, and for burial places for their dead. The "cliff dwellers" of the American Southwest left their "apartment houses" on the sides of cliffs in such good condition that you can walk into them and see how people lived three thousand years ago. The mayans and aztecs in Centtal America, and the incas and other prehistoric men who came long before them in Peru and other parts of South AmericaFree Reprint Articles, are other ancient men of the Western Hemisphere about whom there are separate articles.

Geophysical Survey

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There are several great companies out there which offer a wide range of geotechnical and structural monitoring expertise. An experienced company may provide you great-quality services, right from designing the initial monitoring scheme, instrument procurement, to data assessment and report writing. They may also offer you an extensive range of geophysical survey techniques. So, find leading providers of monitoring services for construction, environmental, geotechnical, hydrological, and structural applications.

If you are looking for companies which can provide you Geophysical Survey Expertise, then you should better search them through Google. Type your query in the search-box of the search-engine and press ENTER. You’ll be surprised to see the number of companies out there which can help you. However, make sure that you don’t ink the deal with the very first company that comes your way. Instead you should look for as many options as you can have, compare them, and then, opt for the best option possible.

Now, what are you waiting for? There are so many companies out there which could help you with their expertise. All you need to ensure that you choose a trusted service provider and not a new entrant in the industry. An experienced and professional service provider will be in a much better position to help you out and give you value-for-money services. With a trusted service provider, you don’t even need to look for the instrument-supplier. Your chosen company will arrange that itself as they have close associations with the instrument-makers.

As already mentioned above, a Geophysical Survey is used for both spatial studies as well as for industrial purposes.

Technologies used for such surveys include:

Seismic methods

Geodesy and Gravity Techniques

Electrical Techniques

Remote Sensing Techniques

Electromagnetic Methods

Magnetic Technique

Borehole Geophysics

Electromagnetic Methods

Sol Data Limited offers an impressive range of geotechnical and structural monitoring expertise to the UK, Ireland, and Scandinavia. From the design of an initially monitoring scheme, instrument procurements, installation, data management through to data assessment and report writingBusiness Management Articles, Sol Data Limited have emerged as the specialist in geotechnical and structural monitoring.

Gold Mining with Mobile equipment

Managing your gold mining process with a eco-friendly mobile gold mining processing plant simplifies your operation and increases your Return on Investment. Mobile gold mining equipment allows you to process your material at the source thus, reducing transport costs.

Innovative off grid solar and wind powered eco-friendly mobile mining gold ore of alluvial processing plants are designed for the harshest of environments such as Africa, Central America and South America.

The new types of sustainable powered eco-Friendly mobile gold and precious metal processing plants are the first of their kind, offering a truly off grid self-contained sustainable energy system. Mobile production mining systems range from small artisan gold mining systems to large high production gold mining units that offer 24/7/365 off grid gold, precious metal, and gemstone (diamonds and precious stones) processing at a 98% efficiency. Powered primarily by sustainable energy and equipped with a mini diesel generator as a standby, mobile gold and precious metal mining equipment allow mining companies in Africa, Central and South America to be mobile and off grid for their energy and gold mining needs.

Mining companies can now process their material anywhere eliminating the high transportation costs of moving their material to a processing plant. Mobile mining processing plants now allow ore and alluvial gold processing at the source.

The eco-friendly mobile gold mining processing plants work off of a series of tables and allow for secure storage of the captured gold and an enclosed lab. Satellite communication or GSM based can be integrated into the gold processing plant allowing for IP based security cameras to allow management to monitor the gold processing operation.

ENERGY SYSTEMS The mobile off grid energy systems are developed to provide power for the following processes;• Power the high efficient ½ hp motors that power the linear motion of the tables• Power the water pumps utilized for the gold concentration process• Power the gold vacuum driven collection system• Power the LED operational lighting system for the gold processing area• Power the energy management and diagnostics including the laptop computer• Power optional security camera systems and visual data logging

STANDBY ENERGY SUPPLY & FUEL CONSUMPTIONAs a standby and additional field power source, the mobile gold processing plants can have a 7 KVA diesel generator tied into the power system with automatic switch gear. The automatic switchgear will initiate a generator startup upon a low voltage battery condition that can be caused by a component failure. The Generator at 60% load will utilize 1.5 liters per hour (based upon average field conditions). With the expanded double wall DOT approved fuel cell the mobile gold processing plant has enough fuel for approximately 151 hours of operation.

ENERGY COMPONENTSThe energy equipment standard on all mobile gold mining systems includes 16 US made 300 watt high efficiency solar panels with high quality inverters. Depending on site wind conditions, an optional tilt-up 2.5kW variable pitch wind turbine is installed at the front of the processing trailer. All energy harvesting and control equipment is mounted in the trailer enclosure at the front of the trailer. Each solar panel’s health and output can be monitored from the laptop computer.

SETUP & DURATIONThe gold  processing plants require less than 2 normal working days, under most conditions, to be setup and running. All connections and assemble points are color coded and numbered for a swift and simple assembly. Each processing plant includes additional hardware and a toolkit capable of servicing all components

SYSTEM OPERATIONAL SAFETYMobile gold processing plants are developed to conform or exceed all engineering, mechanical, and electrical safety standards. All moving parts are painted yellow. All pinch points are guarded and painted red. The supplied electrical components are UL approved (for North, Central and South American markets) and are protected via a GFI supplied electrical system. Two push button E-STOPs should be located on each side of the trailer. The setup of the trailer requires a supplied copper grounding rod to be driven into the ground for the protection of a direct lightning hit in addition to supporting the proper grounding of the sustainable energy harvesting equipment. All electrical wiring is run through PVC conduit. All energy harvesting components are securely wall mounted and connections including wire are shielded from the accidental contact of a site worker. Multilingual advisory placards are strategically located to clearly indicate the potential hazard condition. All electrical components are double grounded. Each component is protected by a properly sized breaker system with matching wire size. Breaker panel is located within the trailer enclosure/lab. Full onsite training is available and supplemented by multilingual easy to read and understand booklets. For illiterate workers, one-on-one training must be provided.

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTSThe material to be processed must be crushed and classified to a size ranging for 150-200 mesh. The material size is very imports for the separation of precious metals form non-value minerals. If the ore material is of high sulfide count a pre-roasting condition may apply. Ferris based metals are captured and removed through a multi-level magnet system located in the feed shoot.

The post-concentration material can be directed to virtually any location on the mine through manual or automatic means. For “open sky” mines, I recommend the stockpiling of the for the environmental purpose of filling the pit back in.

I also recommends mining companies perform random tailings testing via a small supplemental series of tables mounted on a trailerArticle Submission, or lab testing to ensure the complete capture of high value material.

Types of surface mining

1. Dredging

This is a high-volume mining technique for low-value products near a plentiful source of water. Scoops/buckets are used to extract material from shallow water (often man-made lagoons). A high-tech variation of this is undersea mining, where material is sucked from the seafloor (although the only successful application of this to-date has been for gem diamonds in shallow waters).

The mining process is usually combined with the processing (typically drying and concentration) on a floating barge, which is anchored in the middle of the lagoon.

2. Surface Mining

Called 'Open-cast' if soft-rock mining (eg coal mining process or limestone) and 'Open-pit' if hard- rock mining (eg copper and diamonds). The mining process is fundamentally different between these soft- and hard-rock operations. The former operations are usually rectangular in general shape (and advance along the seam, with waste infill behind as they advance) while the latter are oval.

Surface mines normally only extend to a depth of about 200 m, below which it is usually cheaper to extract the metal from underground. The cut-off point will depend on the economies of the two methods, with surface costs being dominated by the ore:waste (stripping) ratio, which, in turn, will depend on the shape of the orebody, the amount of overburden to be removed and the safe steepness of the wall (ie bench height v width). This latter item will depend on the type of rock and the number of fractures etc.

Hard-rock surface mining is dominated by drilling/blasting and then lifting of the broken ore either into trucks or onto conveyors for transportation to the processing plant. This lifting is usually by excavator (electric or hydraulic; with shovel or backhoe configuration) or front-end loader. The softer rocks can be recovered directly by using very powerful excavators (including the huge bucket-wheel machines).

3. Types of Coal Underground Mining

Access is via vertical shafts or inclined roadways (adits). There are usually two access routes (one for men and materials, and one for the ore) for safety and for ease of ventilation (fresh air comes in one and is then exhausted out of the other).

Once at the correct depth, horizontal tunnels are driven to reach the ore deposit. These are permanent structures so require strong roof supports (often including 'bolts' into the rock to tie the layers together for strength). In contrast, tunnels into the ore deposit itself are often temporary, and so the support is less substantial. Transport for men and materials can be by train, truck or man-riding conveyor belts.

4. Insitu Mining

Solution - Involves the injection of water down drill holes into soluble deposits (most commonly salt). The mineral-rich solution is then pumped back to the types of mining of surface.

Thermal - Although only still at the research stage, it is theoretically possible to burn coal insitu (by creating cracks, then injecting oxygen and a heat source) and recovering the resultant heat (in effectFind Article, an underground power station without going to the trouble of extracting the coal). This has happened spontaneously in numerous areas (particularly in India) but the difficulty has always come in controlling the burning process.